SUPPLIMENT

സപ്ലിമെന്റ ഫയല്  നിങ്ങളുടെ കമ്പ്യൂട്ടറിലേക്ക് ഡൌണ് ലോഡ് ചെയ്യൂ 

]¨¸S-bWn apt¶m«v

I_oÀ  apXp]d¼v(Fw.-F-kv.-F-^v a-e-¸pdw Pnà I½nänAwKw)

Ncn-{X-¯n  XpÃy-X-bn-Ãm¯ {Im´ ZÀi-\-¯nâbpw £a-bp-sSbpw kl\ ]ÀÆ-§-fp-sSbpw sFXn-lm-kn-I-amb A²myb-§Ä XoÀ¯vsIm­v X¨p-X-IÀ¡m-\m-hm¯ Hcp kwL-i-àn-bpsS Øm]\ hnfw-_-c-¯n\v 1948 amÀ¨v ]¯mw XnbXn a{Zmknse cmPmPn lmÄ km£n-bm-b-n. cmPy-¯nsâ  AJ-WvV-X-¡pw,kam-[m-\-¯n\pw cmPy-kvt\-l-¯n-\pw kam-[m-\-¯n\pw AXp-Ãy-amb kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂInb, C³Uy³bq-\n-b³ apÉnw eoKnsâ {]hÀ¯\ tKmZbnse IeÀ¸n-Ãm¯ t]mcm-«-§-fpsS `qanI kzX{´ C´y-bn aeÀt¡ Xpd-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p A¶v. JmbntZ anïv apl-½Zv Ckvam-bn kmln-_nsâbpw,sI.Sn.Fw .apl½Zv C{_mlow XpS-§nb kap-¶-Xcmb -t\Xm¡-fp-sSbpw t\Xr-Xz-¯n-emWv A¶v apÉnw-eoKv kzX{´ C´y-bn  Hcp kmaq-lnI, sshÚm-\nI, _u²nI \h-{I-a-¯n-te¡v  AÔ-Im-c-¯nsâ ]Sp-Ip-gn-bn-te¡v hgnamdpam-bn-cp¶ apÉnw kap-Zm-bs¯ \bn-¨-Xv.

         ]t£, Imcy-§Ä kzX-{´m-\-´c C´y-bn A{X ]´n-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. Iodn-ap-dn-¡-s¸« cmPy-¯nsâ Ak-l-\o-b-amb \oä-en hÀKob cm£k tIma-c-§Ä Dd-ªp-Xp-Ån. tNmc-Nm-ep-Isfm-gp-In. kap-Zm-b-§Ä hÀKob I¼n thenIfn Ipcp§n,H-ä-s¸-«p,-H-ä-Xn-cnªv A{I-an-¨p B{I-an-¡-s¸-«p. apÉnw kap-Zm-b-¯n\pw {]tXy-In¨v apÉnw eoKv F¶ t]cn\pw ISp¯ ]co-£-W-§-Ä t\cn-tS­n h¶p . hnaÀi\-§-fpw Inwh-Z-´nIfpw A\p-Zn\w hÀ²n-¨p\¶p.

          kIe FXnÀ¸p-I-sfbpw Zpcn-X-]ÀÆ-§-fpsS ae-sh-Å-]m-¨nepIsfbpw Dcp-¡nsâ Icp¯pÅ at\m-_-ehpw  Bß _ehpw sIm­mbncp¶p t\cn-«-Xv.hnaÀi\ ic-§fpw,Btcm-]-W-§fpw sImSp-Ip¯n hmWt¸mÄ auem\m Bkm-Zv,-lp-ssk³ kplr-hÀZn XpS-§nb h³ t\Xm¡Ä hsc apÉnw eoKv hn«p. .-kz-X-´y-¯n\v ap¼v apÉnw \yq\-]-£-§-fpsS t]mcm-«-§Ä¡v ISn-ªm¬ ]nSn-¨p-\n-¶n-cp¶ lkvd¯v tamln-\nsbt¸mepÅ apÉnw t\Xm¡Ä cmjv{Sobw Xs¶ aXn-bm-¡n. Iem-]-I-ep-jnX \ne-§-fnÂ, Btcm-]W§fpsS Ip´-ap-\-I-fn Bß-hocyw \jvS-s¸« t\Xm-¡-fp-sSbpw AWn-I-fp-sS-bpw Ac£nXamb Npäp-]m-Sn-te-¡mWv Bß-hn-izm-k-¯n-sâbpw, ZoÀL-Zr-jvSn-bp-sSbpw BÄ cq]-ambn aÀlqw JmbntZ anïv apl-½Zv Ckvam-bn kmln_pw kmXzn-I-am-b ZÀi\-§-fp-ap-­-m-bn-cp¶ B alm-·m³amcm-bn-cp¶

          kXy-k-Ô-X-bpw, kpXm-cy-X-bpw, lrZ-b-hn-im-e-X-bpw, A\p-I-¼-bpw, kÀtÆm-]cn Id-I-fª hyàn-Xz-hpap-­-m-bn-cp¶   t\Xm-¡·mÀ apÉn-§-fp-sSbpw aäp-]n-t¶m-¡-hn-`m-K-§-fp-sSbpw D¶-Xn-bpw, ]ptcm-K-Xnbpw e£yw sh¨v {]hÀ¯n¨p. Nhn-«n-saXn-¡-s¸« Hcp hn`m-K-¯n\v Bizm-k-h-N-\-§-fmbn amdn. C´ym cmPy-¯nsâ AJ-WvU-X¡pw, cmPy-¯n-t\m-SpÅ Iqdn\pw th­n AhÀ {]hÀ¯n-¨p. inYn-eo-I-cW Nn´-Isf CÃm-Xm-¡n.-P-\-§Ä¡pw ]oVn-¸n-¡-s¸-«-hÀ¡pw kvt\l-¯-tem-Sp-IÄ \evIn Bß-hn-izm-khpw ss[cyhpw \evIn.

        tIc-fob P\-X-bpsS lrZ-b-¯n  koXn-km-ln-_n-sâbpw  Ckvam-bn kmln-_nsâbpw  k¿nZv A_vZp-d-Òm³ _m^Jn X§-fp-sSbpw ,]p-t¡m-b-X-§-fp-sSbpw  lʳ¡p«n Ipcn-¡-fp-sSbpw A\yq-\-amb t\Xr-Xzw, cmjv{So-b-h-t_m-[-¯n-sâ IpfnÀa tImcn-bn«p, tZio-b cmjv{Sob-¯n-se¶ t]mse tI-c-f-¯nepw  apÉnw eoKnsâ thtcm«w iàn {]m]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p.  apÉnw eoKv hfÀ¶p. C´y-bn-emsI ]´-en-¨p. temIk`-bnepw cmPy-k-`-bnepw eoKn\v koäp-I-fp-­m-bn. Bkm-anepw, _wKm-fnepw,IÀ®m-S-I-bnepw, Xan-gv\m-«n-epw, alm-cm-jv{S-bn-epw, bp]n, tIc-f, UÂln F¶n-hn-S-§-fnepw apÉnw eoKn\v P\-{]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-­mbn.-_w-KmÄ `c-W-¯n hsc ]¦m-fn-I-fm-bn. ]cn-l-kn-¨-hÀ {]iw-kn-¨p. B«n-]p-d-¯m-¡n-b-hÀ amSn hnfn-¨p.-\n-µn-¨-hÀ hµn-¨p. shdp-¯-hÀ kvt\ln-¨p. XpÃy-X-bn-Ãm¯ kl-\-¯n-sâbpw,£abp-sSbpw, \njvIm-a-IÀa-¯n-sâbpw {]Xn-^ew. [mÀan-I-X-bpsS ]mX-bn k¨cnX-cmbn \o§n-b-Xnsâ KpWw. P-h-lÀem s\lvdp t]mepw apÉnw eoKns\ ]pI-gv¯n.

     tNmZyw sN¿m-\m-hm¯ iàn-bmbn apÉnw eoKv  amdn-. C´y kzX-{´-am-b-Xn\v ijw a{Zmkv {]hniy-bn-te-¡pÅ Ce-£³ \S-¶p. Hcp P\m-[n-]Xy Kh¬saânsâ kwØm-]-\-¯n-\mbn apÉnw-eo-Knsâ klmbw Bh-iy-am-bn.-apÉnw eoKnsâ klm-b-¯m cmPmPn  a{Zmkv t{]mhn³knsâ apJya{´n-bm-bn. ]n¶oSv  Ima-cmPn\pw apÉnw eoKnsâ klmbw th­n h¶p.  \mSmdn-s\bpw apÉnw eoKv klm-bn-¨p.

   tIc-f-¯n apÉnw eoKv Nn«-bmbn  ]¨-]-S-b-Wnsb sI«n-¸-Sp-¯p.-`q-]cnjvIcW \nb-a-§Ä¡pw ImÀjnI kulrZ \nba§Ä¡pw apÉnw eoKv Np¡m³ ]nSn¨p. tIcf¯nsâ cmjv{Sob `qanIb apÉnw eoKv A\ntj[y iànbmbn amdn.  kmXznIcmb t\XrXzw tIcf¯n h³ hfÀ¨bmWv apÉnw eoKn\v \evInbXv. tIcf apÉn§fpsS  ku`mKy§fmb PMS ]qt¡mbX§fpw, _m^Jn X§fpw Cu alXv {]Øm\¯nsâ Aac¡mcmbtXmsS apÉnw kapZmb¯nsâ kÀtÆm³apJamb hfÀ¨ AÂ`pXIcambncp¶p. sshÚm\nI, kmaqlnI Xe§fn kapZmb¯nsâ Bhiy§Ä t\SnsbSp¡m³ apÉnw eoKv ]Ss]mcpXn. Bßobamb hfÀ¨tbmsSm¸w, cmjv{Sob s]mXpt_m[hpw \evIn \yq\]£mhImi§Ä t\SnsbSp¡m³ Cu {]Øm\w kmaqXw {ian¨p. ]qt¡mb X§fpw _m^Jn X§fpw A£cmÀ°¯n krjvSn¨Xv Hcp [mÀanI \thm°m\w IqSnbmbncp¶p.

                  cmPy¯nsâ AJWvUXbv¡pw, cmjv{S hnIk\¯n\pw apÉnw eoKv \nÊoaamb klIcWw sh¨v \o«n. CÔncmKmÔnbpsS kmaqlnI hn¹hw krãn¨ ]cnjvImc§Ä¡v apÉnw eoKv \ÂInb klIcWw AhnXÀ¡amWv.hnhn Kncn {]knUâmbXv apÉnw eoKv CÔncmKmÔn¡v \evInb IehdbnÃm¯ ]n´pW H¶psIm­vam{XamWv.

                  Kn.-F-¨v. a{´nk`sb aXkulmÀZ¯nsâ kpµcamb  DZmlcWambn sI.Pn amcmÀ hsc hmgv¯n. apÉnw kapZmb¯nsâbpw aäp ASn¨aÀ¯s¸«hsâbpw i_vZambn apÉnw eoKv amdpIbmbncp¶p. apÉnw hyàn \nbaw, AenKÀ, PmanAanÃnb, Ad_n ,DdpZp,kw-kvIvrX`mjm kwc£Ww,  MISA,  TADA XpS§nb \nba§Äs¡XnscbpÅ t]mcm«w XpS§n apÉnw eoKv `cWLS\]camb AhImi§Ä¡v thWn \nc´cambn t]mcmSn.

                 tZiob, kwØm\ Kh¬saâpIfn apÉnw eoKv XpSÀ¨bmbn ]¦mfnIfmbn. C¶v ImWp¶ hnZym`ymk \thm°m\¯nepw, cmjv{Sob DWÀhnepw,aXkmwkvImcnI kulmÀZ¯nepw DujvafXbnepw apÉnweoKnsâ ]¦mfn¯hpw kw`mh\bpw Bcpw AwKoIcn¡pw. 1980 Ifn eoKv {]Xn]£¯ncn¡pt¼mÄ  kn. F¨nsâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ eoKns\ km£m  hn.-Fkv A¨ypXm\´³ FÂ.-Un.-F-^n-te¡te¡v £Wn¡pI hsc sNbvXp. apÉnw eoKnsâ \b§fpw, {]hÀ¯\ anIhpw \njv]£ambn hnebncp¯nbmÂ, Cu kw`hw am{Xw aXn. Cu P\ {]Øm\¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\§fpsS alna a\Ênem¡m³. ]n.-Fw,Fkv.F ]qt¡mb X§fpsSbpw _m^Jn X§fpsSbpw, koXnkmln_nsâbpw kn. F¨ v apl½Zv tImb kmln_nsâbpw, t]m¡À kmln_v, Fw.sI.lmPn XpS§nbhcpsS t\XrXz¯n [\ycmbn tIcf¯n apÉnw eoKv _lpZqcw ap¶nembncp¶p. AhcpsS hntbmK§Ä I\¯ \jvSamWv D­m¡nbXv. 1975  ]qt¡mb X§Ä hnShm§nb tijw aÀlqw k¿nZv apl½Zen inlm_v X§fpsS al\ob t\XrXzw tIcf¯n\v e`n¨ Hcp hmcZm\ambncp¶p. _m_cn akvPnZv XiÀ¡s¸« tijw, s]m«n¯Icpambncp¶ ]pIÄs¸ä tIcf¯nsâ aXkulmÀ²w, inlm_v X§fpsS Hscmä {]kvXmh\bn BfnI¯msX \n¶p. C´y apgph³ Hcp {]Øm\¯nsâ A¨S-¡hpw, aX-ku-lmÀZhpw {]iw-kn-¡-s]« \mfp-IÄ, Xo{h-hm-Zn-IÄ  At¸mgpw Ip¯n-]-cp-t¡-Â]n-¡m³ {ian-s¨-¦nepw, apÉnw eoKv Ah-RvP-tbmsS AXns\ XÅn AXn-Po-hn-¨p. A§s\ atX-Xc C´y-bpsS A`n-am-\-ambn amdn. 2009  apl-½-Zen inlm_v X§-sf¶ alXv \£{Xw hnS-hm-§n. I®o-c-Wnª tIcfw hn§n-s¸m-«n. ]n¶oSv k¿nZv sslZ-cen inlm_v X§Ä t\Xr-Xz-tasä-Sp-¯p. GsXmcp cmjv{So-b {]Øm\-¯nt\bpw t]mse apÉnw eoKn Ib-än-d-¡-§Ä D­-m-bn-«p-­v.-_-lp-P-\m-Sn-¯-d-bn atäXp ]mÀ«nsb-¡mfpw ap¶n-emWv apÉnw eoKv. \yq\-]-£-§-fpsS Ah-Im-i-kw-c-£Ww, Ah-cpsS kÀtÆm·pJ ]p\-cp-²m-cWw, aX-ku-lmÀZhpw kln-jp-W-Xbpw Dd-¸p-h-cp-¯Â, AXn-\mbn t]mcm«hpw XymK k¶-²-Xbpw ssIap-X-em-bh, \njvIm-a-IÀan-I-fmb t\Xr-Xzw,  cmPy-¯nsâ kpØn-Xn¡v th­n s]mcpXÂ, `c-W-L-S-\-kw-c-£Ww hnZym-`ymk kmaq-lnI cwK-§-fnse ià-amb CS-s]-S Poh-Im-cpWy {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä XpS§n apÉnw eoKv apdptI ]nSn-¡p¶ \b-§-bfpw ]²-Xn-Ifpw F¶pw {]k-à-hpw atXXc P\m-[n-]Xy cmjv{S \nÀ½m-W-¯n AXy-´m-t]-£n-X-ambn«p-Å-Xpam-Wv.

                 Btcm-]-W-§-fp-sSbpw i{Xp-¡-fp-sS-bpw- ic]RvP-c-§Ä¡v apdn-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-hmsX ]-Sp¯pbÀ¯s¸« alXv {]Øm-\-¯n\v ap¶n Hcp Ime¯pw Hcp shÃp-hn-fnbpw hnLv\w krjvSn-¨n-Ã. kÀÆ-i-àsâ A\p-{K-l-¯m C\n krjvSn¡pI-bp-an-Ã. Hcp kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ sam¯w kvt\lhpw {]Xo£bpw tXmfn-te-änb Cu _lp P\-{]-Øm-\-¯n\v hn{i-an-¡m³ ka-b-an-Ã. sNbvXp-XoÀ¡m³ C\nbpw Hcp-]m-Sp-­v]n´n-cn-¸³  {]Xntema-i-àn-IsfsbÃmw X«n-s¯-dn¸#p¨vsIm­v alm³amÀ sXfnbn¨ \³a-bpsS \nemsh-fn-¨-¯nÂ]qÀÆm-XnIw iàn-tbmsS .]¨¸S-bWn apt¶m-«v....................